Diagnosis and treatment strategies for patients with refractory recurrent aphthous ulcer and systemic diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa. At present, no effective method is available for RAU treatment, especially for refractory RAU, which significantly affects patients’ oral health and quality of life. Research shows that combination with systemic diseases greatly increases the difficulty of curing refractory RAU, making conventional oral ulcer treatment harder to perform effectively. This is probably because dentists commonly only focus on handling oral ulcers but neglect to think about the etiology of oral ulcers from a holistic perspective. Thus, we summarized some conditions of refractory RAU accompanied by systemic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, iron deficiency anemia, diabetes mellitus, Behçet’s disease, Reiter’s syndrome, sprue syndrome, Sutton syndrome, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We also outlined the treatment principles of these patients. To be specific, on the one hand, dentists should cooperate with the relevant specialists to treat the systemic diseases, while on the other hand they should take measures including topical/general use of medicine, local physical therapy, Traditional Chinese medicine treatment, and psychotherapy for RAU management. This paper aims to provide clinicians with a more comprehensive understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of refractory RAU, in order to make personalized treatment plans for patients and improve the clinical efficacy of refractory RAU.

Manifestaciones bucales de la enfermedad de Crohn y colitis ulcerosa en adultos mayores / Oral manifestations of Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis in of elderly adults

Objetivo: identificar las manifestaciones clínicas bucales de la enfermedad de Crohn y colitis ulcerosa en pacientes adultos mayores. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio descriptivo transversal con un universo de 50 adultos mayores, previamente diagnosticados por los especialistas gastroenterólogos, y prescritos con enfermedad de Crohn y colitis ulcerosa. Estos, confirmados por los hallazgos clínicos, histopatológicos y endoscópicos, remitidos a consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Universitario "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, entre marzo de 2019 y marzo de 2020, practicándose el examen intrabucal, descripción de las lesiones bucales y su diagnóstico clínico. Para la recolección del dato primario se confeccionó un modelo con las variables: edad, sexo, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, localización anatómica, signos y síntomas clínicos orales en ambas patologías. Se creó una base de datos en SPSS versión 22.0 en Windows para el procesamiento y análisis de la información, usándose la técnica estadística descriptiva y agrupándose los datos en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: en la serie resaltaron las personas de sexo femenino y el grupo de edades de 60 a 74 años, la pioestomatitis vegetante fue el signo bucal específico más común y la úlcera aftosa recurrente la lesión inespecífica de mayor predominio en ambas patologías. El dolor, el síntoma clínico de mayor afectación y el dorso de lengua el sitio de mayor predilección para su instalación. Conclusiones: las expresiones clínicas bucales más relevantes en pacientes adultos mayores con enfermedad de Crohn y colitis ulcerosa fueron la pioestomatitis vegetante y la úlcera aftosa recurrente.

Objective: Identify the oral clinical manifestations of Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis in elderly adults' patients. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with a universe of 50 older adults previously diagnosed by gastroenterologist specialists, prescribing the presence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, confirmed by clinical, histopathologica and endoscopic findings, referred to the stomatological consultation of the Specialities Policlinic of the "Saturnino Lora Torres" University Clinical Surgical Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from March 2019 to the same month of 2020, performing intraoral examination, description of oral lesions and their clinical diagnosis. For the collection of the primary data, a model was made with the variables: age, sex, inflammatory bowel disease, anatomical location, oral clinical signs and symptoms in both pathologies. A database was created in SPSS version 22.0 in Windows for the processing and analysis of the information, using the descriptive statistical technique and grouping the data in absolute and relative frequencies. Results: in the casuistry, females and the age group of 60 to 74 years prevailed, vegetative pyostomatitis was the most common specific oral sign and recurrent aphthous ulcer was the most prevalent non-specific lesion in both pathologies, pain being the most affecting clinical symptom and the back of the tongue is the most preferred site for its installation. Conclusions: the most relevant oral clinical expressions in elderly patients adults with Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis were pyostomatitis vegetative and recurrent aphthous ulcer.

Detection and significance of immune function in oral mucosa-associated diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#The evaluation of immune function plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of many diseases. To date, immune function detection includes cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and inflammatory markers. In this paper, the application of immune function detection in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment monitoring of various diseases was discussed; then, the application value of immune function detection in the diagnosis and treatment of three common oral mucosa-related diseases, including recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral lichen planus (OLP), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), were reviewed combined with the literature and our research. Our research found that RAU patients present abnormal humoral immune function and obvious inflammatory reactions, whereas OLP and OSCC patients present mild inflammatory reactions and more serious abnormal cellular and humoral immune function, so the combined detection of immune function has a certain guiding value for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Moreover, in the future, it is necessary to carry out a study on large sample, multicenter and multiindex joint detection to better clarify the role of immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of various diseases and its mechanism, to establish the corresponding diagnostic model and prognostic prediction model, to find more effective treatment methods.

Research progress on the role of T helper cells 17 and interleukin 17 in oral mucosal diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a new type of CD4+ T helper cell. They participate in the immune and inflammatory response by secreting specific interleukin-17 (IL-17). In oral mucosal diseases, oral lichen planus (OLP), recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) and Behcet′s disease (BD) are associated with Th17 cells and IL-17. There were 17 kinds of proteins in the saliva of patients with OLP that could upregulate the expression of Th17 cells and induce the secretion of IL-17. IL-17 can stimulate epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts to produce a variety of cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and cell adhesion molecule-1, leading to the production and aggravation of inflammation. Th17/Tc17 cell-targeted therapy can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of OLP patients′ mucosa and skin. IL-17 can stimulate oral keratinocytes through the IL-17RA or IL-17RE receptor and produce proinflammatory effects in RAU. Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of BD patients are significantly increased, while Treg cells are significantly decreased.

Investigation and analysis on the living habits of young and middle-aged patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer in Nanjing / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To explore the potential association between particular living habits and recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU), and provide some references for RAU prevention among the young and middle⁃aged. @*Methods@#The mul⁃ tistage random sampling method was adopted to select 850 young and middle⁃aged people in Nanjing. The disease sta⁃ tus and living habits of young and middle⁃aged people with RAU in Nanjing were investigated by a questionnaire, and the influencing factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.@*Results@# The preva⁃ lence of RAU was 20.5% among 799 individuals, including 357 men and 442 women. The risk of RAU at medium and low stress levels was 0.533 times and 0.419 times that at high stress levels, respectively (P < 0.05), indicating that high stress was an independent risk factor for RAU. The risk of RAU in patients with low exercise levels was 1.513 times that in patients with high exercise levels (P < 0.05), indicating that high exercise levels were a protective factor for RAU. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, smoking, drinking or bedtime (P > 0.05). @*Conclu⁃ sion@#Multivariate logistic regression showed that mental stress and physical activity were independent influencing fac⁃ tors for the development of RAU. The living habits of RAU patients and RAU susceptible populations should be treated with corresponding interventions to prevent RAU.

Study on the correlation between common diseases of oral mucosa and psychological factors / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To explore the relationship between psychological factors and recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral lichen planus (OLP), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease.@*Methods@#From July to October 2018, 50 patients with common RAU, refractory RAU, OLP and BMS were selected as the observation group, and 50 healthy participants without major systemic diseases and oral mucosal diseases matched for age and sex served as the control group. The psychological status of the subjects in each group was investigated by questionnaires, including the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale(GAD-7) and the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).@*Results@#Compared with the control group, the PHQ-9 scores in the refractory RAU, common RAU, OLP and BMS groups were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the GAD-7 scores in the refractory RAU, OLP and BMS groups were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In the RAU group, the GAD-7 score of intractable RAU was higher than that of common RAU (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the PHQ-9 score (P > 0.05).@*Conclusion @#RAU, OLP and BMS are common psychosomatic diseases presented by patients in the Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases. Their occurrence and development are related to the psychological status of patients. A tendency toward anxiety is significantly more common among refractory RAU patients than common RAU patients.

Kangfuxin Liquid versus Beifuji Solution in the treatment of refractory minor recurrent aphthous ulcer / 医学研究生学报

Objective The etiology and pathogenesis of recurrent aphtha ulcer (RAU) are not yet sufficiently clear and there has been no cure for it hitherto. This study aimed to compare the short-term effect of Kangfuxin Liquid (KFX) versus that of Beifuji Solution (BFJ, a topical solution of the recombinant bovine alkaline fibroblast growth factor) on refractory minor RAU (RMiRAU).Methods This prospective study included 150 cases of RMiRAU treated in Nanjing Hospital of Stomatology between March 2016 and June 2018. The patients were randomized into five groups of equal number: KFX, BFJ, oral control (oral isotonic saline), topical control (topical isotonic saline), and blank control (not treated). We measured the ulcer area and obtained the pain index at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of treatment. We also recorded the onset time and duration of analgesia as well as the course of ulcer after initial medication.Results At 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment, the ulcer areas in the KFX group, significantly smaller than in the oral control and blank control groups, and also smaller in the BFJ than in the topical control and blank control groups (P<0.05). At 3 and 5 days, the pain indexes were (3.35±1.23) and (2.32±1.80) in the BFJ group, significantly lower than (5.08±1.83) and (3.53±1.50) in the topical control and (5.50±1.69) and (3.79±1.34) in the blank control group (P<0.05), and lower in the KFX than in the oral control ([5.29±1.73] and [3.74±1.42]) and blank control groups (P<0.05);On day 3, the pain index of the BFJ group is much smaller than the KFX liquid group (P<0.05). The course of ulcer after initial medication was remarkably shorter, the onset of analgesia significantly later, and duration of analgesia markedly shorter in the KFX than in the BFJ group (all P<0.05).Conclusion Both KFX and BFJ have a good short clinical effect on RAU. KFX has advantage in decreasingulcer duration; BFJ has fast onset time and long maintenance time.

Soluble programmed death-1 and soluble programmed death ligand 1 protein expression and immune status in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aims to investigate the possible role and significance of soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1)  /soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in the immune pathogeneses of recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 30 RAU cases (18 cases of minor RAU, 5 cases of major RAU, and 7 cases of herpetiform ulcers) were enrolled in this study. A total of 18 healthy people served as controls. Lymphocyte subsets (CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD19⁺, and CD16⁺+56⁺) were investigated by flow cytometric analysis. Humoral immunity (IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C4) was explored by nephelometry immunoassay. The sPD-1 and sPD-L1 protein levels in the sera of RAU patients were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlations of the sPD-1 and sPD-L1 protein levels with the immune status and clinical characteristics of the RAU patients were analyzed by SPSS 19.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of CD4+ T cells decreased and the levels of IgM antibodies increased in the RAU patients relative to those in the normal controls (P<0.05). The sPD-1 and sPD-L1 protein levels in the RAU patients were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the sPD-1 and sPD-L1 protein levels in the patients with minor and major RAU were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). By contrast, no significant difference was found in the patients with herpetiform RAU (P>0.05). Positive correlations were noted between the sPD-1 protein level and the CD19+ cell frequency or C4 level (r₁=0.389, P₁=0.034; r₂=0.382, P₂=0.037).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cellular immune hypofunction and humoral immunity disorders were found in the RAU patients. The PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, which might be influenced by the involvement of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 proteins to a certain extent, may play some roles in the immune pathogenesis of RAU.</p>

Analysis of curative effects of Pudilan Xiaoyan Koufuye on patients with eOLP and ROU / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus and recurrent aphthous ulcer by using Pudilan Xiaoyan Koufuye.Methods The clinical data of 138 cases of oral mucosal diseases were retrospectively analyzed from September 2015 to June 2016 in our hospital, eOLP patients 50 cases, 11 cases in the control group one and the control group two, 28 cases in the observation group; ROU patients 88 cases, 21 cases in the control group one and the control group two, 46 cases in the observation group.The control group one was treated with topical western medicine, while the control group two was treated with Pudilan Xiaoyan Koufuye,and the observation group was treated with local topical spray and Pudilan Xiaoyan Koufuye, compared the total effective rate, VAS score and mucosal congestion in different groups of patients with oral diseases, and to observe the adverse reactions of the patients during the treatment.Results After one week of treatment, the total effective rate of treatment was significantly different between eOLP patients and ROU patients (P<0.05),the total effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group one and the control group two ( P <0.05 ) .After two weeks of treatment, the total effective rate of eOLP patients was significantly different, and the total effective rate of observation group was higher than that of control group one (P<0.05),there was no significant difference among the ROU patients.The degree of mucosal hyperemia and the VAS score in the observation group were significantly different from those in the control group one and control group two in the patients with eOLP and ROU ( P <0.05 ) .No significant adverse mucosal staining occurred in all groups of patients, and there was no discontinuation due to obvious adverse reactions.Conclusion Pudilan Xiaoyan Koufuye adjuvant treatment of eOLP and ROU patients with short-term effect is significant, can improve the total effective rate of treatment, and no serious adverse reactions, high safety.

Curative effect observation and relative nursing of Nd∶YAG laser assisting the drug treatment for the patients with recurrent oral ulcer / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the curative effect and relative nursing care key points of Nd∶YAG laser assisting the drug treatment for patients with recurrent oral ulcer.Methods Toally 82 patients with recurrent oral ulcer treated in our department were selected and alternately divided into experiment group (41 cases) and control group (41 cases) according to the initial visiting sequence with same gender.The control group used the conventional drug treatment.On the basis of conventional drug treatment,the experiment group additionally used the Nd∶YAG laser radiation therapy.The curative effects of both groups were evaluated after relative treatment for 4 days.Results The total effective rates of curative effects of two groups had significantly statistical differences (P＜0.001).The total effective rate of the experiment group was,significantly higher than that of the control group.Conclusions Nd∶YAG laser assisting the drug treatment for the patients with recurrent oral ulcer can significantly increase the total effective rate.The correct nursing services throughout the operative process are the important guarantee of good curative effect.

Clinical Observation of Kangfuxin Liquid Combined with Oral Ulcer Powder in the Threatment of Recur-rent Aphthous Ulcer / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of Kangfuxin liquid combined with Oral ulcer powder on inflammatory cyto-kines and therapeutic efficacy of recurrent aphthous ulcer. METHODS:134 patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer were randomly divided into observation group and control group,with 67 cases in each group. Both groups received routine treatment;control group was additionally given Oral ulcer powder,q2 h;observation group was additionally given Kangfuxin liquid,10 ml/time,gar-gling for 5-10 min and then swallowing slowly,tid. Treatment course of 2 groups lasted for 7 d. Clinical symptoms,serum inflam-matory cytokines,clinical symptom improvement and recurrence were observed in 2 groups. RESULTS:Total effective rate of ob-servation group was 95.52%,which was significantly higher than that of control group(82.09%),with statistical significance(P<0.05). The levels of TNF-α,IL-1 and IL-6 in observation group were significantly lower than those of control group,with statisti-cal significance(P<0.05);ulcer duration and VAS score of observation group were significantly shorter or lower than those of con-trol group,with statistical significance(P<0.05);after followed up for 6 months,recurrence rate of observation group(11.94%) was significantly lower than that of control group(31.34%),with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Kangfuxin liquid combined with Oral ulcer powder helps to lower levels of inflammatory cytokines of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer, relieve the clinical symptoms,then improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce recurrence rate.

Effect of Shenling Baizhu power on inflammatory factors and immune function for recurrent aphthous ulcer / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To explore the effect of Shenling Baizhu power on inflammatory factors and immune function for recurrent aphthous ulcer. Methods Ninety patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer in our hospital were divided into control group and study group according to random number table method, with 45 cases each group.The control group were given oral vitamin B2, levamisole and cetyl pyridinium chloride gargle solution therapy, and the study group were given Shenling Baizhu power on the basis of control group.After one week treatment, the clinical curative effect were observed, the serum inflammatory factors levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α) , interleukin 2 ( IL-2 ) and interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) were determined by Elisa method, the levels of peripheral blood T cell subsets CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 +and natural killer cells( NKT) were determined by flow cytometry instrument, and the recurrence rate were observed after one year follow-up.Results After one week treatment, the total effective rate 91.30% in study group was significantly higher than the control group 69.57%, the difference was statistically significant(χ2 =5.874, P=0.015).The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6 in study group were significantly lower than the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The levels of CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 +and NKT in study group were significantly higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Followed up for 1 year, the recurrence rate 17.78%(8/45) in study group was significantly lower than the control group 46.67%(21/45), the difference was statistically significant(χ2 =8.598, P =0.003).Conclusion The Shenling Baizhu power treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcer has better clinical curative effect, can reduce levels of inflammatory factor, improve immune function, and reduce the recurrence rate.

Research progress on the topical use of triamcinolone in the treatment of oral mucosal diseases / 实用口腔医学杂志

A total of 21 papers about topical use of triamcinolone in the treatment of oral diseases were retrieved.1 7 of the 21 papers were about the treatment of oral lichen planus,3 were about recurrent aphthous ulcer and 1 was about Behcet's Syndrome.Topical use of triamcin-olone,either used alone or combined with other drugs,was effective in the treatment of oral lichen planus,recurrent aphthous ulcer and Beh-cet's Syndrome.No adverse drug reaction happened when triamcinolone was used in the patients after a short time application,while it hap-pened in the patients after prolonged-use.It may be also effective in the treatment of other allergy or immune dysfunction related oral mucosal diseases,of which more research should be carried out.

The expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in serum of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To explore the possible role and clinical significance of Th1 and Th2 class cytokines in the pathogenesis of re-current aphthous ulcer (RAU).Methods:35 cases with RAU,25 of minor RAU(MiRAU)and 1 0 of major RAU(MaRAU),were enrolled and 24 healthy subjects served as the controls.The expression levels of Th1 type cytokines (IFN-γ,TNF-α,IL-2)and Th2 type cytokines (IL-4,IL-6,IL-1 0)in the serum of peripheral blood were investigated by flow cytometry CBA methods and their rela-tionship with the clinical features of RAU was analyzed by SPSS 1 1 .5.Results:The expression level of IL-4 and IL-1 0 in MiRAU group was higher than that in the controls(P <0.05),and the expression level of IFN-γ,IL-4 and IL-1 0 in MaRAU group was higher than that in the controls(P <0.05).The expression level of IFN-γand IL-1 0 in MaRAU was higher than that in MiRAU.There was a positive correlation between the levels of IFN-γ,IL-4,IL-1 0 and the severity of RAU.Conclusion:Predominant Th2 immune re-sponse plays a role in RAU,and the level of IFN-γ,IL-4 and IL-1 0 is correlated with the severity of RAU.

Assessment of serum interleukin-8 as a sensitive serological marker in monitoring the therapeutic effect of levamisole in recurrent aphthous ulcers: A randomized control study.

Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the serum interleukin‑8 (IL‑8) levels in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) and monitor the immunomodulation and altered IL‑8 levels by levamisole before therapy and after levamisole therapy. Materials and Methods: This study was carried as a randomized case‑control study involving a study group of 30 patients diagnosed as RAUs and given levamisole (vermisole 150 mg, od for 1st 3 days of 3 weeks in a month and for 3 months with a gap of 1 week) and these patients were recalled after 3 months and were subjected for estimation of serum IL‑8 levels. Control group had 20 age and sex matched individuals with no systemic illness and were not given any levamisole. Good compliance was reported at the end of the study. Results: Mild gastric irritation was reported and when severe it was managed by H1 blocker. Patients were reviewed after 3 months. The follow‑up data at each visit with respect to each other and to base‑line values was calibrated using a Students t‑test. Highly significant comparisons were obtained in the serum IL‑8 between study and control groups before the onset of levamisole (t = 6.53, P ≤ 0.001). IL‑8 levels reduced by 72% after levamisole was instituted in RAU patients and comparison was highly significant for before and after levamisole onset (t = 5.54, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: This study points to the effectiveness of levamisole as an effective adjunct therapy in the routine management of RAU.

Oxidative stress and cellular immunity in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers

Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is an inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa characterized by painful, well-circumscribed, single or multiple round or ovoid ulcerations. The exact etiologic factor(s) of these ulcerations are not yet understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate inflammatory processes and free radical metabolism of 25 patients with RAUs compared to 25 healthy controls. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, and IL-12 were determined by ELISA. Nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were measured spectroscopically in serum. The levels of MDA, GSH, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-12, MPO, and TOS, and oxidative stress index (OSI) were higher, and the levels of NO, IL-10, and TAS were lower in patients with RAU than in controls. Statistical analysis showed that GSH, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10, and OSI differed significantly in patients with RAU compared to controls. These parameters have important roles in oxidant/antioxidant defense.

Association of recurrent aphthous ulcers with stress among students in an Indian Dental Institution.

Background: Recurrent aphthous ulcers are painful oral lesions with no proven effective treatment. A definitive cause of these ulcerations still remains elusive. It is believed that psychological stress may be a significant contributor. Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine whether there was any significant association of Recurrentaphthous ulcers with episodes of stress by determining the prevalence of ulcers and levels of stress tolerance among dental students. Materials and methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out on 341 students of Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India by distributing questionnaires. The questionnaire had two sections, the first part dealt with ulcers and the later part comprised of a perceived stress scale. The data collected was analyzed with Independent sample t test and ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test using the SPSS 16 version software. Results: Prevalence of ulcer was found to be 66.9%. Comparison of mean stress scores between the ‘ulcer-experienced’ and ulcer-free groups showed no difference. Assessment of stress among undergraduates, interns and post graduates who had reported ulcer experience revealed that interns were able to handle the stressful situations significantly better than under graduates and post graduates. Conclusion: The present study did not show any association between episodes of ulcers and stressful events.

Long-term Effects of Kouanyin in Treating Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To observe the long-term curative effects of kouanyin in treating recurrent aphthous ulcer.METHODS:22patients who had orally taken one dose,divided into three times,treatment for6courses and one course include10days.The therapeutic effects were evaluated1year later after the treatment using own control method.RE?SULTS:The curative rate was81.8%,the effective rates was18.2%,the total effective rate was100%;There were signif?icant differences in recurrence interval and numbers of ulcer(P

Expression and significance of MMP-9 in recurrent aphthous ulcer / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To explore the expression and significance of MMP-9 in recurrent aphthous ulcer(RAU).Methods:The expression intensity and distribution of MMP-9 were examined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in 56 cases of recurrent aphthous ulcer patients.Results:The expression level of MMP-9 in RAU patients was higher than that in the normal group(P

Treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcer with amlexanox paste / 实用口腔医学杂志

0.05), on the 4th day 7.56?6.87 and 10.00?7.07 (P0.05). After therapy all the data of electrocardiogram, blood routine examination and blood biochemical test of the cases were without clinical significance. Conclusion:50 g/L amlexanox is effective and safe in the treatment of RAU.